Affirmative Action Essays (2754 words) - Social Inequality

Affirmative Action Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Affirmative Action Affirmative action works. There are thousands of examples of situations where people of color, white women, and working class women and men of all races who were previously excluded from jobs or educational opportunities, or were denied opportunities once admitted, have gained access through affirmative action. When these policies received executive branch and judicial support, vast numbers of people of color, white women and men have gained access they would not otherwise have had. These gains have led to very real changes. Affirmative action programs have not eliminated racism, nor have they always been implemented without problems. However, there would be no struggle to roll back the gains achieved if affirmative action policies were ineffective. The implementation of affirmative action was America's first honest attempt at solving a problem, it had previously chosen to ignore. In a variety of areas, from the quality of health care to the rate of employment, blacks still remain far behind whites. Their representation in the more prestigious professions is still almost insignificant. Comparable imbalances exist for other racial and ethnic minorities as well as for women. Yet, to truly understand the importance of affirmative action, one must look at America's past discrimination to see why, at this point in history, we must become more "color conscious". History Of Discrimination In America: Events Leading To Affirmative Action. The Declaration of Independence asserts that "all men are created equal." Yet America is scarred by a long history of legally imposed inequality. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles-in a nightmare of disease and death-and sold into slavery, blacks in America were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. A Supreme Court opinion, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), made this official by classifying slaves as a species of "private property." Even after slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, American blacks, other minorities, and women continued to be deprived of some of the most elementary right of citizenship. During the Reconstruction, after the end of the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868, making blacks citizens and promised them the "equal protection of the laws." In 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment was passed, which gave blacks the right to vote. Congress also passed a number of civil rights laws barring discrimination against blacks in hotels, theaters, and other places. However, the South reacted by passing the "Black Codes, " which severely limited the rights of the newly freed slaves, preventing them in most states from testifying in courts against whites, limiting their opportunities to find work, and generally assigning them to the status of second or third class citizen. White vigilante groups like the Klu Klux Klan began to appear, by murdering and terrorizing blacks who tried to exercise their new rights. "Legal" ways were also found for circumventing the new laws; these included "grandfather clauses", poll taxes, white only primary elections, and constant social discrimination against and intimidation of blacks, who were excluded form education and from any job except the most menial. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared a key civil rights statute, one that prohibits discrimination in public accommodations, unconstitutional. And in 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson (163 U.S. 537 [1896]), the Court declared that the state of Louisiana had the right to segregate their races in every public facility. Thus began the heyday of "Jim Crow" legislation. In Justice John Marshall Harlan's lone dissent, he realized it was a mockery. He wrote, " We boast of the freedom enjoyed by our peoples above all other peoples. But it is difficult to reconcile that boast with a state of the law which, practically, puts a brand of servitude and degregation upon a large class of our fellow citizens, our equals before the law. This thin disguise of 'equal' accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, or atone for the wrong this day done." Not until sixty years later, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (347 U.S. 483 [1954]), was Plessy overturned. Chief Justice earl Warren declared the unanimous opinion of the court by saying: "We cannot turn the clock back to 1868, when the Amendment was adopted, or even to 1896, when Plessy v. Ferguson was written." In today's world, "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This decision sparked racial tensions all across America. in 1957, President Eisenhower had to call federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, after the state's governor forcibly barred black children from entering white schools. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested and fined, for not moving to the back

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Example

In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Example In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay In what ways did the dual Kingship of Sparta reflect (or perpetuate) other aspects of Spartan society Essay Essay Topic: History Sparta, as countless others scholars have noted, was a world apart from the other poleis in Ancient Greece in its customs. It was one of the few poleis to retain a Kingship, and as doubly odd to have had a Dyarchy two Kings reigning simultaneously, one each from the Agiad and Eurypontid lines respectively. Is it possible, in fact, that this strange royal partnership reflected and maybe even in some way fuelled the peculiar habits of Lacedaemonian society? I wish to explore the nature of the Kings role in the Spartan constitution, their role in Spartan religion and their powers commanding the army. I will also explore their role in diplomacy. The concept that we have of archaic monarchs (in this case, dyarchs), especially many of those during the Hellenistic era (like Phillip II Alexander I of Macedon, the Great Kings of Persia and later on into history) is that of absolute control and to check that power. In Sparta, it was a very different affair (Cartledge, 1987: 17; 2001: 57). Perhaps a very basic point, but something that reflected the overall ethos of Laconian society was the deemed seniority of the Agiad line (Hdt. 6. 51; Cartledge, 1987: 23, 100). This echoed throughout Spartan society; where the Spartan youth were tutored to obey their elders. The two Kings were overseen (literally MacDowell, 1986: 128) by Ephors and laws were passed by the Gerousia (which they were at least part of). It is quite plausible that over the centuries, before the advent of Ephors, the constitutional powers of the Kings were much greater (MacDowell, 1986: 123). For example, by the mid 5th century, we know that judicially, the Kings judged cases involving unmarried heiresses, adoptions and public roads (Herodotus, 6.57. 4/5). Indeed, the constantly fluctuating relationship between the Ephors Gerousia with the Kings is something worth investigating. In theory, the Ephorate was established to prolong the royal crowns (Cartledge, 2001: 33), with both of them exchanging vows to each other monthly to act within the law (Xen. Lac. Pol. 15.7). But there were instances where ulterior motives on either side came to the fore. Pausanias tells us that when a King committed a misdemeanour and was to be tried back home, the judges included the other governing arms the Ephors and the Gerousia, the latter including the other king (Paus, 3.5.2); Cleomenes was exiled for trying to dismiss the Athenian boule (Yates, 2005: 75/6). However, it is quite possible that this was a special case, regarding the trial of Pausanias (MacDowell, 1986, 128, Cartledge, 1987: 109). We also hear of the Ephors conducting a ritual sky watch once every 8 years, searching for bad omens which they could use against the kings rule (Rahe, 1977: 278-9, no. 145). Not only does this show a cautious approach from them towards the dyarchs, but the ritual itself fits very neatly with the religious aspect (page 6) of the kings themselves; they could be impeached by the gods. Ste. Croix goes further, categorising the trials and banishments of the Kings in the 5th 4th centuries as the work of the Ephors (1972: 350-3; Rahe, 1980: 398). Pleistoanaxs actions in Attica (446-5 BC) led him to being put on trial and exiled, and this may well have been due to the report of the Ephor(s) accompanying him on the campaign (Cartledge, 1987: 17). It might well have been that his peace with Athens was not popular with the Gerousia and Ephors, ably demonstrated by the violation of his peace (Cartledge, 1982: 261/2). This would also show the inherent hostility towards Athens in Spartan society . Yet, there are instances where the balance is reversed and the ephors were used as an advisory board of sorts. Cleomenes I went to the ephors in order to inform them about the suspicious activities of Mnaiandrios of Samos (Hdt. 3.148.2). We also hear from Xenophon that King (regent) Pausanias managed to convince three Ephors to take military action (Xen. Hell. 2.4.29), though this would have been different for other judicial decisions (MacDowell, 1986: 131). There is also the instance where Agesilaos managed to take drastic action and execute conspirators after consulting the ephors (Plutarch, Agesilaos. 32. 11). The Ephors were liable to manipulation from wily Kings (Brunt, 1965: 279). Despite being put in place to check the power of the Kings, it is likely that the Ephors werent indicative of popular representation within Sparta, being as they were, just 5 citizens elected from the damos (Aristotle, Pol. 1256b39-40) and holding office for only a year. Individual Ephors might well have exploited disagreements between Kings to their own advantage (Cartledge, 2001: 59), but split voting, change of policy with new Ephors and disagreements would have put pay to any personal ambitions. Moreover, the Kingship remained the principal office for which true political power remained, as the Machiavellian scheming of Lysander attests to (Cartledge, 2001: 36). What this shows is the willing subservience of Spartan society to adhere to their rigid hierarchy of royal dominance, and that the downfall of a King would be the reluctant last solution, if it would save the Lacedaemonians from doom. Let us take the example of a King being indicted (see above). If a charge against a King was to be upheld, it was necessary for all the Ephors and the majority of the Gerousia with the other King to vote against said King on trial (Cartledge, 2001: 60). If the King was summoned by the Ephors, he was only required to do so upon the third time of asking (Cartledge, 2001: 62). In Agesilaos IIs case, he hobbled. The Spartans despised physical disability but since Agesilaos was King; this must have been overlooked because of his status, again reflecting submission to ones betters. We should also note that in the presence of a King, everyone else had to stand. As Cartledge picks up upon, this mirrored the Spartan ideal whereby juniors were expected to give up their seat to a senior (2001: 62) and probably also the deferral to ones superiors as well (Kelly, 1981: 48). As for the Gerousia, Cartledge argues that it might well have been as old as the Kingship itself, but its size and the inclusion of the 2 Kings (If a king was away, then his vote was given to another, who would vote for him and himself (Thuc. 1.20.3) thus conforming to the rest of the Gerousia) within it reflect a change in status of the Dyarchy, to the advantage of the Gerousia (2001: 31). He also argues that the Gerousia was the main domestic and foreign decision making body (2001: 60) made from the senior, aristocratic Spartiates (however, as the Kings were ex officio members, it is possible that the Kings could have been the youngest faces within the Gerousia, disagreeing with the superiority of the elders (Pleistarchus and Agis IV McQueen, 1990: 167)). If this is the case, then a long reigning King would have been able to see the Gerousia membership appointed in his favour (by his own admission: Cartledge, 2001: 65). Agesilaos IIs vote to save Sphodrias in the trial of 378 is a good indication of his control over the Gerousia. So it is a good bet that the Kings were the political foci (Mitchell, 1991: 58; despite Lewis, 1977: 48; Hdt. 6.52.8). Far from the nature of the Dyarchys role within the government of Sparta, we can tell a lot about how much they mirrored Spartan society from their day to day lives within the polis. The Kings would both eat in the Royal mess tents (syssitia), which the homioi were separated from, promoting the idea that the Royals were something else (Cartledge, 1987: 104). Whats more, the Kings were awarded double rations so as to honour guests (Cartledge, 1987: 108; Xen. Ages. 5.1; Lak. Pol. 15.4) and we can presume that this was used as part of the xenia process. The mess tents the homioi used were subject to control of membership, along grounds of social, wealth and seniority status (Hodkinson, 1983: 253/4), thus promoting the oligarchic fashion of Sparta. That the Kings were kept separate heightens this idea. In terms of property, it was very much a case of furthering ones own ambitions (Leonidas in Plut. Kleo. 1.1) and keeping property within their family by literally doing just that marrying close consanguineous kin or similarly wealthy aristocrats (Hodkinson, 2000: 82, 408). This was done by the Kings and aristocrats alike. In the cases where they judged adoption, the Kings would make sure that the adopted was landless and would pass them onto those who were the same, thus allowing them to keep the properties in the upper echelons of society (Hodkinson, 2000: 82). The royal houses were typical of Spartan propertied classes. Good examples of this would be Leonidas Is marriage to Gorgo, Cleomenes Is only child so as to inherit Cleomenes property when he died as well as bolster his claim to the Agiad throne (Hdt. 7.239.4), Cleomenes IIIs marriage to Agiatis, the widow of Agis IV (Hdt. 6.71), Ariston marrying his friends wife (Hdt. 6.61-2) and Aegisilaos Is marriage to Kleora (Paus. 3.9.3). We should however note that the Agiad Eurypontid royal lines owned considerably more land than any other citizen as they possessed territories in many perioikic communities (Xen. Lak. Pol. 15.3). Though they imitated the attitude of the wealthy few in Sparta by such a process, it limited the number of heirs and the division of inheritance, concentrating the property and wealth in the hands of the closely related few; wealth married wealth, segregating society even further. The royal houses enhanced their socio-economic position over history through such activities (Hodkinson, 2000: 413). As the elites perpetuated their position, the decline in citizen numbers accelerated, allowing the successful aristocratic lineages to safely secure high offices and property (Hodkinson, 2000: 415). This in turn would have lead to policy-making being dominated by very few, not least between the 2 Kings and their respective supporters in the Gerousia (Roy, 2009: 442). Religion was integral part of Spartan life, like most other Classical poleis. In Sparta, the Kings had an important part to play. We learn from Herodotus (6.59) that both Kings were hereditary high priests of Zeus Lakedaimonios and Zeus Ouranios (perhaps one for each). As such, they were required to sacrifice to Zeus and others before, during and after a military campaign (Lipka, 2002: 221). Whilst marching, the Kings preceded the fire-bearers, whilst a train of sacrificial animals followed behind the army (Burket, 1985: 257). The representation of Castor and Polydeukes was taken on military campaigns (Cartledge, 1987: 109). They ate first and received twice as large a portion as everyone else at sacrificial feasts (Cartledge, 1987: 107). The Kings received 72 litres of barley and a quart of wine every new moon and on the 7th day of the lunar month (Lipka, 2002: 221). Lastly, no-one was permitted to touch the Kings (Plut. Agis. 19.9). They were probably not God-Kings, but more than mortal (Miller, 1998: 2). It is clear that the health of the state was bound to the health of the Kings (Cartledge, 1987: 105; Parker, 1988: 153). The fact that the Kings were apportioned the skins and entrails of the sacrifices shows the high esteem they were held in by the Religious community. As Sparta was an extremely superstitious and seriously religious community, it certainly seems consistent that the Kings were assigned such duties. They were also given the honour of appointing two Pythioi each, who acted permanent ambassadors to Oracle at Delphi (Hdt. 6.57.2-4), the highest honour, presumably as Delphi was the pan-Hellenic sanctuary! Lysanders attempted bribery of Delphi reflects the entrenched power the kings had, since they maintained a close relationship with Delphi through their Pythioi (Cartledge, 1987: 96), maybe even to further their own agenda (Cartledge, 2001: 63). Royal funerals on the other hand, were perhaps the most spectacular in the Peloponnese (Hdt. 6.58), which would have been in sharp contrast with the simplicities (Laconic) of ordinary Spartans (Parker, 1988: 153), and it would have had an impact upon the members of the royal house (Hodkinson, 2000: 263). Each free household (Spartiate and Perioikic) had to provide one male and female each to the funeral; Helots were obliged to attend (reflecting Spartan societys dominance over them (Cartledge, 1987: 333)). The funeral would have been a public affair, lying-in-state, reflecting the very Spartan practice; other cities kept their funerals as private affairs (Cartledge, 1987: 333). Again, unlike anywhere else in Greece, the King would have been buried within the boundaries of the living, maybe even close to a sanctuary, defying the Hellenic taboo of Greek pollution (Plut. Lyc. 27.1). It is interesting to notice that the custom of embalming their King was copied from Persian and Egyptian practices (Hdt. 1.40.2, 4.71.1), which is seemingly at odds with their xenophobia towards foreign cultures. Leonidas I, who died in battle may well have had an exceptional burial (buried again after his demise 40 years earlier), sharing a similar Spartan trait of honouring only those who died fighting (Cartledge, 1987: 336). The royal funeral was beyond what a mere mortal man could claim and what many aristocrats aspired to (Xen. Hell. 3.3.1), thus convincing the Spartiates of the connection between a healthy Sparta and the dual Kingship (though this would become less and less effective in later Sparta (Cartledge, 1987: 337/341)). For Spartans, soldering was their life. However, unlike the homioi, the heirs to the thrones were not required to go through the Spartan education system the agoge (Plut. Ages. 1.4). This does seem strange initially, but when you consider how the Kings were perceived as beyond mortal (see above), the heirs and Kings were already superior to everyone else (Cartledge, 1987: 24). Agesilaos IIs decision to go through the agoge would naturally have made him even more special, considering his disability; just like Leonidas before him. Herodotus tells us (5.75.2) that because of a crisis between Cleomenes and Damaratus on a joint campaign in 506 BC, one King stayed behind in Sparta. The King elected on campaign assumed sole command on campaign, handling an enormous amount of power; anyone who tried to prevent this would be cursed (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 105). He was even assigned his own bodyguard (hippeis) who were the elite soldiers (Thuc. 5.72.4). The King could also expect a personal haul of a third of the total booty collected on campaign (Polybius. 2.62.1). Aristotle (Pol. 1285a 7-8, 1285b 26-8) inferred that the Kings were mere hereditary generals, but as we can see, that was patently not the case. Their power was absolute (they even had the authority to choose between life and death (MacDowell, 1986: 126). With the King at the head of an army, the connection between the military and the political hierarchy was plain to see. Leadership went hand in hand with the military caste (Cartledge, 1987: 203). To lead the army in a military orientated state like Sparta would surely have been the greatest honour. This echoes what was said earlier (page 4), about having to submit to ones betters, especially in Sparta, replicating the master/student, senior/junior, rich/poor relationship in all of Spartan society. The Lacedaemonians were subject to the power of the Ephors, Gerousia and the Dyarchy at home, yet outside Sparta, it became a Monarchy. I feel this could be due to the way the Spartiates perceived non-Spartiates. As they distrusted foreigners, they needed to be, in theory, intimidated. So, one King with full power and a large army would have done this perfectly and was indicative of Spartas xenophobia. Where it was a matter of gaining advantage for Lacedaemon, the Spartan elites did engage with those from the outside (of Sparta). The Kings were allowed to appoint proxenia, Spartiates who acted as ambassadors for those from other poleis (Hdt. 6.57.2). This was certainly related to Spartas xenophobia (cf. Figueira, 2003: 66), where the only ones who were entrusted to make relations with non-Spartiates were those trusted by the Kings, and was thus open to manipulation (Cartledge, 1987: 81, 97, 108). No doubt, the Spartan kings would already have had friendship ties (xenia) with many Peloponnesian oligarchies, thus enabling them to influence foreign policy in those states (Cartledge, 1987: 246). King Agis II was fined for negotiating with Argives (Thuc. 5.59-63), one was a Spartan proxenos and another had xenos with Agis himself (Hodkinson, 2000: 352; Roy, 2009: 440). Archidamus had terms of xenia with Pericles of Athens (Thuc. 2.13.1; Mosely, 1971: 434). The relationships the Kings had with their friends in the Peloponnese is reminiscent of the 18th 19th century European Monarchs, who retained ties of blood and friendship with each other. In what ways did the Dyarchs reflect other aspects of Spartan society? Though they were designed to prevent it, the Kings dominated both of the Ephors and Gerousia, reflecting the superior/inferior (master/slave) aspect of Sparta as a whole. Messing in the syssitia and the accumulation of property through marrying close kin or wealthy others promoted the oligarchic fashion (ruled by the few (in this case 2!)). The Kings as high priests and their spectacular funerals cemented their demi-god credentials; it fitted perfectly with the zealously religious Spartans. Leadership of the state was reflected by their leadership of the army and the Kings leading the peculiar form of Proxenia and xenos reflected the inherently xenophobic nature of Spartan society. The Dyarchy was coterminous with Sparta (Arist. Pol., 1310b 38-9), though it has been considered an egalitarian society, it was anything but, with competiveness instilled from youth (Kelly, 1981: 54). Sparta demanded high reverence to the continued influence of the Spartan Kings (Rice, 1974: 165) and time passed, the un-checked power of the Kings fostered Hellenistic monarchic tendencies in later kings (McQueen, 1990: 166). The dual Kinship promoted a dual image, where the Spartans promoted one thing, but did another (Miller, 1998: 13).

Critical Analysis of Technology & Ethics in Pop Culture Essay

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Impact of developing technology on the retail industry Research Paper

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Company Selected Reliance Fresh Information Technology Essay

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First of all in Inductive-Consensual Enquiry method I had done enquiry about the place that at what place its situated, Then after the next was the product of it serves to the customer, then what was the price of it product and how its different form other. Then what type of quality its provided. The value of CRM customer relationship management. The research was very simple because the questioners was simple and it was simply answered. The work of research was speedily because the strategy adopted by RELIENCE FRESH: GIVE FOOD TO CUSTOMET AT LESS PRICE THEN MARKET. By this single course of action it can attract easily, but in this method of enquiry in RELIENCE FTESH many answer of a question will be arise. Inductive-Consensual Enquiry is simple, quick to draw a conclusion and most of the time the conclusion is a usually a single number, a fixed strategy, or a single course of action. Inductive-Consensual Enquiry is that there is a possibility that the conclusion drawn could be subjective and that most of the problems encountered these days have multiple answers. 1.1 Inductive-Consensual Enquiries Inductive-consensual enquiry derives a conclusion from a limited set of observations, which may be:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analogous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Historical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple Independently Sourced 1.1.1 Application of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry The scoring of the Olympic diving competition is an example which employs the use of Inductive-consensual enquiry method. 1.1.2 Advantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry Advantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry is simple, quick to draw a conclusion and most of the time the conclusion is a usually a single number, a fixed strategy, or a single course of action. 1.1.3 Disadvantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry Disadvantage of Inductive-Consensual Enquiry is that there is a possibility that the conclusion drawn could be subjective and that most of the problems encountered these days have multiple answers. 1.2 Dialectic Enquiry Dialectic Enquiry challenges the subjective assumptions, models and theories by which problems are defined and solutions postulated, and it is the debate itself that an objective solution compromise or synthesis will be reached. 1.2.1 Application of Dialectic Enquiry The British system of parliamentary democracy is an example which employs the use of the dialectic enquiry which probes deeply into issues and acts as a practical decision making tool. 1.2.2 Advantage of Dialectic Enquiry Advantage of Dialectic Enquiry is the consideration of facts from various angles and it generates more useful alternative solutions and can sometimes identify unnoticed opportunities. 1.2.3 Disadvantage of Dialectic Enquiry Disadvantage of Dialectic Enquiry is it endangers a person or a group of persons to reach its objectives or decision, from which certain assumptions have to be made and the assumptions might not be right. 1.3 Unbounded Systems Thinking Unbounded System Thinking was described as a new problem-solving method. Major Problem with Reliance Fresh Development A research shows that the company needs a well designed website with online store system, so that customer can check weather thing are present in stock. Main areas where the company is facing problems. Currently, the company, Reliance Fresh Development is facing a number of problems due to its manual sales system. The major problems due to lack of automated data store system are affecting the Services, payment system, and Customer Account of the company. With automated system its easier to keep record of customers Account, payment details and are easier to track product that order. It also takes less Hassel and space to handle customer account and records. Customer Account Currently company doesnt have any customer account as customer account system is required for regular customer through customer have to put there user name and password to log in their account and buy from online so easy to buy have not put their detail every time they visit. Where in store they just put customer id they get detail and can provide them discount for regular shopping from online or store. Payment System Company collect money from manually on store if customer buy from online they can pay from credit card or debit card directly instantly to company for daily customer buy from online data for product they buy each time come to know and can provide discount and other facility. Order Record As customer place an order for something online record should be there in system so we come to know last time which place what order and history each time buying form Reliance fresh and also provide order track system so customer can track their product where it reach and when going to reach destination. System Required for Implement in Store For Customer Account SQL or Oracle data base To run this system properly you will need a computer with Redhat 5.0 installed. The computer will probably need to be at least a Xeon processor with 4 GB of Random Access Memory with 1 TB Hardisk. Broadband Connection is required for connecting internet and other Brach network and main reliance server. For Printing record need Cannon or HP Laser Jet Printer will be needed. Benefit of Online Shopping The main advantage of online shopping is that it allows people to browse through many items and categories without leaving their house, to compare the prices of as many shops as they want, and also to order as many items as they can afford without having to worry about how they will transport them, because the online shopping websites also deliver the things to the buyers home. Furthermore, the Internet is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so you dont have to hurry or worry about finding a parking spot. The Internet allows you to easily compare products and prices, so you can be sure that the item you purchase is the exact item you want. Online merchants can publish much more information about their product on a website than they could affordably publish in a print catalog. And online stores give you the ability to share information and reviews with other shoppers who have firsthand experience with a product or retailer. External Environment Analysis Reason for Choosing India for Retail Market In India population ration is high and more over are middle class for that people reliance fresh is good because it provide product in less price then available in market, India is developing country and progress in economy strength, Reliance is gearing up to revolutionize the retailing industry in india.Towards this end, Reliance is aggressively working on introducing a pan-Indian network of retail in multiple formats, The retail initiative of reliance will be without a parallel in size and spread and make India proud. Economical Environment Companies across the globe are coming to realize the opportunity India presents, and are wasting no time in acting. Siemens of Germany, a company which produces and sells power plants, electric meters, hi tech medical equipment and mobile phones has big plans for India, India is a democracy of one billion people, and economic reform is a consensus shared by its many political parties. They have been quick to embrace free market enterprise, which has attracted a number of American corporations, including General Electric, General Motors, Hewlett-Packard, Johnson Johnson, and Microsoft, to name a few. Social Environment India perception and trends of the consumers have been changing owing to the liberalization and the changes in lifestyles. Another important aspect of society is the group. The performance of groups differs in individualistic and collectivist societies. The family is an important part of the social environment. It is a primary group and influences the consumption and buying behavior of consumers. The traditional family life cycle has been changing owing to the differing lifestyles. So, marketers have to analyze these trends and bring in products that are suitable to these changing consumer segments. Also jobs and workplaces have to be designed according to the changing lifestyles. Technology Environment Technological environment in India should be favourable to quality improvement, cost Reduction, introduction to new products In market. It should also lead to Industrial development with global competitiveness. In India, the government has setup large number of R D Activities, space research centres etc. for introduction of new technology in different areas. a long period of time, technological environment was not favourable for introduction of updated technology ion manufacturing activities. Funds Import Policies were not freely provided for import of updated foreign technology. Foreign collaboration joint ventures were also not freely allowed. Research development activities were not given encouragement through special facilities/concessions. This suggests that technological environment was not favourable to industrial growth till the Beginning of economic reforms and globalization by 1980s. Information Technology By the early 21st century, nearly every child in the Western world, and many in other parts of the world, knew how to use a personal computer. Businesses information technology departments have gone from using storage tapes created by a single computer  to interconnected networks of employee workstations that store information in a  server farm, often somewhere away from the main business site. Communication has advanced, from physical postal mail, to telephone fax transmissions, to nearly instantaneous digital communication through electronic mail (email). India continues to be the most preferred destination for companies looking to offshore their IT and back-office functions. It also retains its low-cost advantage and is among the most financially attractive locations when viewed in combination with the business environment it offers and the availability of skilled people, according to global management consultancy. Advantage of Information Technology Globalization   IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has allowed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent system. This means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other.   Communication   With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing.   Cost effectiveness   Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions.   Accurate results Crucial decisions based on computer calculations are more likely to be correct than those based on human calculations. This is because the probability of errors in calculations by human beings is greater. Computers also help in taking a decision when faced with two or more alternatives. They do not need another day to rework the data if any variable is altered. Increase in standard of living cost savings achieved through optimal utilization of resources as suggested by computer calculations, result in lowering the prices of goods. In addition, networking has facilitated access to different markets across the globe, where competitive prices are available for similar goods. This helps buyer to get the best bargains, as similar products across globe have to be priced competitively. Disadvantage of Information Technology Unemployment   While information technology may have streamlined the business process it has also crated job redundancies, downsizing and outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done away with causing more people to become unemployed. Privacy   Though information technology may have made communication quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also bought along privacy issues. From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried about their once private information becoming public knowledge. Lack of job security   Industry experts believe that the internet has made job security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for their job to be secure. Dominant culture   While information technology may have made the world a global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for business and everything else. Impact of Online Shopping on Reliance Fresh Order Placing process and receives immediate confirmations. Product review, Product Detail. The main advantage of  online  shopping  is that it allows people to browse through many items and categories without leaving their house, to compare the prices of as many shops as they want, and also to order as many items as they can afford without having to worry about how they will transport them, because the online shopping websites also deliver the things to the buyers home. Furthermore, the Internet is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so you dont have to hurry or worry about finding a parking spot. Easy Comparison Shopping, Better Selection. Can store their detail for regular customer. Secure bank payment system. Order can be track online 24/7. Future Technology Innovation Technological innovation in general and information technology (IT) applications in particular, have had a major effect in ecommerce and web. Technology change transforms the nature of the market place by making difference in cost feature product accessibility as movement toward new high technology which increase promise and implications on new tech. Revolutionary change in internet technology which make communication system better mobile technology is future as smart technology are coming in market and everything going to that like and advertisement are on internet . Redhat Linux are going to launch new version of OS work on mobile and slate (new tech) through mobile user can access site on their system and buy or place order directly from mobile. Web Security is now better for Reliance Fresh and future IT innovation. Technology Demand for Reliance Fresh. IT System are flexible to change any data and type of process . Technical skill and IT Professional staff training and perform. Change in technology and highly skilled workforce in different special area. Security of IT/IS is main for better performance and regularity needed in many times. Management of IT must make decisions based on traffic flow on site. Company performance to establish future IT development plans. Maintain IT/IS performance throughout the organization plans. Internal Resources, Competencies, and Capability of Reliance Fresh. Internal Resources Company resources are much limited as training to existing employees for this company has to collect fund from different sources like obtaining loan from a financial intuition or issuing their corporate bonds as this company have one option to issue corporate bonds as it also manage form Reliance Retail which is part of Reliance Group in order to implement the IT system in the organization must have to recruit new professional employees and also train existing employees. Competency Reliance Fresh are able to increases its business because of implementing new IT System as well as have a good location in every city of Indian state also have competition is high among Big Bazar ,eShop etc and has to satisfy their customer by giving best value and quality. Company has to make advertise in internet marketing and evaluate with other inside the same industry Have to satisfy their customer buy providing them best service and standard Enhance communication skill with customer visit on site or place order reply with e-mail. As website is effective tool in internet field and give opportunity to get into new market of online shopping and in internet technology world. Have to performer 24/7 service online from different site they provide. Capability Reliance Fresh can bring their business on top because of presence in market with huge reputation as millions of people visit to site of reliance because of presence in every city of Indian state it would be beneficial for company to bring their name in top street supermarket and provide an excellent opportunity to this company and give good standard and accommodation services. Branch in south can drive with huge business because of education presence people most like to proffered there site for online order. Benefits of Implementing The new IT/IS system IT system Features IT must easy for Professional to operate as well as for normal to update daily data have to pay for staff train in computing field its easy for staff to learn system data base update and new product arrive in market and add them in list of system database it also include automatic feature like printing letter and receipts this system is easy to learn. Customer Account Contain detail of customer for regular shopping and easy to order history and also buy multiple item at a same time also easy to review the product for specific customer or supply them different product also give schem like discount or put in prize draw for customer. Payment System From customer account payment detail is save on server on main brance which directly connect with bank system and easy to instant payment and get conformation not have to put detail many time only single time can buy multiple thing provide free credit depend on shopping and term and condition of company single method with security using web technology SSL security provide encryption no fraud are possible. Order Records Customer can trace order online and can cancel or change the order within give time in term and can directly talk to assistance which are present online for helping using system check order history .also reducing risk of fraud of product guarantee show product purchase date and insurance expire date on system easy for customer to make decision. System Specification Below the list of new system specification of new server for store. Account Product Enquiry:- Customer can enquiry about some electronic product as like laptop,mobile,TV,iPod,Camera,etc. Price Comparison:-In this task price of product can be compare with other sote presence in market. Product Reserved:It show wthere product are reserved or want to reserved for future. Stock present: Product showing online are present in stock or take time. Payment:Type of payment accept like visa,debit,credit etc. Customer Detail:Detail of customer for dispatching product Order Record: Include history of old product buy form this site and possible of discount offered by company if reach target of month or week. Check in :It kept record who have take visit of store and web site . Check out:It show which product are comeing soon in which are currently not present. Userfrendly system :Customer get easily whatever they want form site and searchable option to find any product easly it must be well graphically designed . Impact of IT Enable Services on the Reservation of Reliance Fresh. Positive Impact Main benefits of implementing IT system which enhance the company performance and customer. Expand of Company Business Earlier without IT system Reliance fresh have to get business form store onward and advertising in normal media and newspaper and TV ads marketing are not increase for making new development in field of marketing have to build online ecommercial site through which customer ration is going to rise ,as web site very helpful to rise business opportunity and make repudiated in internet world million of people visit site daily they can see and get idea about new product arrive in market via Reliance Fresh . Business rises by Web Site Developing website for Reliance Fresh will able to rise business opportunity it provide service worldwide not only in India ,It provide facility of Customer Accound,Detail ,Payment System and Order Record through which customer form remote country can place order and able to review the product and get best deal as well as price comparison so possibility is high of expanding business using IT also provide 24/7 service. Negative Impact There are bit of disadvantage of implementing IT base system like failure ,hacking site etc it must be considered before implementing a new system because it can be harmful to business . Hackig Hacker is dark light for business world it flow suddenly and brake business there are many type of threats in IT due to less security in system it cause serious damage to business , as they feel unsecure as using system a rliable way of identify threat is to classify them and stop to treat and flow to system . Threats Technical Failure: Through data may be loss or crash file present in system Infrastructure Failure: If customer is in half way to buy thing and sudden failure product are not listing and customer miss out that product. Human error: Main problem created by human are difficulty to recover loss. Effect/Probability/Action Grid Effect of Contingency Plan High: It recognize that a threat on Reliance fresh having high cost impact Medium: Try to reduce to risk to an acceptable stage. Low:Effect of risk are cut by administration need and approach structured Probability High: Scam, Virus, Credit Card Fraud, Hacking etc Medium: Single reply mail sends to multiple user. Low: Individual mistake. Task 4 System. A System is a set of interacting or interdependent entities that interact regularly to perform a task. Factors of System Development. Social, Technology, Economical are external factor effect business of Reliance Fresh. Staff should conduct IT Support Cooperative. Reliance Fresh Data are getting from Reliance Retail Manager and Staff. Reliance Fresh information are kept on Data base as well company member customer record. Soft System Methodology (SSM) Soft systems methodology (SSM) is an approach to solving complex unstructured human problem situations based on holistic analysis and systems thinking. SSM is a participatory methodology that helps different stakeholders to understand each others perspectives. It focuses on creating the human activity systems and human relationships needed for an organisation or group to achieve a common purpose. Systems thinking are a transdisciplinary field that has emerged in response to the limitations of a reductionist and narrowly technical approach to solving problems. SSM was developed during the 1980s as large organisations realised that top-down and highly mechanical approaches to organisational management were not working in a rapidly changing environment. SSM has been used to facilitate change processes in many large private and public sector organisations. Seven Stage of SSM. Define the Problem Situation of Reliance Fresh Express the Problem Situation of Reliance Fresh Creating root definitions of relevant system Making and testing conceptual models based upon worldviews Comparing conceptual models with reality Identifying Feasible and desirable changes Acting to improve the problem situation Define the problem of Reliance Fresh Reliance Fresh are facing problem with customer data storing on paper base but with IT can be transfer to system the main aim of Reliance Fresh to get customer record which are visit and stock in store are change are come through system as result Reliance Fresh is going to implement IT System to shoot out problem with customer data storing. Express the Problem situation of Reliance Fresh a rich picture It show the rich picture of developed that conveys the problem situation from different point of view and base on the perceive the situation and questioning. Information Report Financial inconsistency assessment Report and Examination of Information Initiate Decision Make Decision Policies Recommendations Creating root definitions of relevant systems   Root Definition is a structured description of a system (which is relevant to the problem). It is a clear statement of activities which take place (or might take place) in the organisation being studied. It is structured in such a way as to enable modelling the system. For root definition use CATWOE analysis Customer: Employer of Reliance Fresh can take benefit of newly developed technology or activities. Actors: The management of Reliance Fresh will take part in the application of these activites. Transformations Process: It described by the 5 criteria Efficacy means gives best solution for end of Reliance fresh problem Efficiency means to exposed least and necessary assets of the Reliance Fresh Effectiveness means IT system helps to achieve goals and Reliance Fresh Ethicality means the Reliance Fresh process must be use ethical limitations Elegance means the IT system will easy to use for staff of Reliance Fresh Weltanschauung: means world view will give a clear vision to under stand the problems of Reliance Fresh <

Essay --

Told by a charming priest and kindly man, The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is a beast fable in Chaucer’s genius framed narrative, The Canterbury Tales. Written in the late 14th century, The Nun’s Priest’s Tale is a fable about an all too egotistic rooster named Chanticleer who dreams of his impending doom which takes the form of a beast. Deeply troubled, he seeks the consolation of other wise barn animals and his favorite wife, Pertelote. Being a beast fable, the Nun’s Priest mocks the Court World by lowering nobles to the level of animals to be mocked. As this fable displays that animals act like humans is to also imply that humans, namely people of the court, act like animals. Using the technique of a mock-heroic tale, the Nun’s Priest takes a trivial event and elevates it to a climatic story in an almost comic way. When the fox runs off with Chanticleer clenched in his jaws, the entire scene is narrated with elevated and sophisticated language used in many epics to enhance the climatic tones and spectacular actions taking place. By using intricate language to describe a fox snatching a rooster in a barnyard, the tale is given a very comical and ironic tone. The chase is described as, â€Å"O Geoffrey, thou my dear and sovereign master Who, when they brought King Richard to disaster And shot him dead, lamented so his death, Would that I had thy skill, thy gracious breath, To chide a Friday half so well as you! (For he was killed upon a Friday too.) Then I could fashion you a rhapsody For Chanticleer in dread and agony† (Chaucer, 228). By comparing this chase to King Richard the III and his death at the Battle of Bosworth Field suggests the Nun’s Priest’s mocking and comic absurdity of the situation. In doing so, the Nun’s Priest and possibl... ...ght. The phrases such as â€Å"redder than fine coral† or â€Å"battlemented like a castle wall† and â€Å"burnished gold† evoke the image of a knight in shining armor. The color azure is â€Å"one of the five standard colors in coats of arms† (asur, Middle English Dictionary Entry). This establishes his appearance as a person from the court. Thus, the prideful and charming Chanticleer is representative of the egocentric values of the court world that the Nun’s Priest is ridiculing. The irony of this tale is blatant. The highly philosophical intellect of the roosters and hens represents the ideals of the court world that is derided by having the setting as a barnyard. The Nun’s Priest is using this beast fable as a moral story of warning. The court world is insulted by the pointing out of its flaw: treachery through flattery. Chaucer himself could be criticizing the court of its fault.

Business Management Personal Statement Sample

I have interest in studying business management. I appreciate the programme content and structure because of its flexibility that I can specialize in certain concentration areas such as Accountancy and Finance. Also, the policy of student-oriented teaching is a distinguishing characteristic which can provide students like me more opportunities to enhance their presentation and writing skills. Most importantly, I can gain a thorough grounding in the essential skills of business analysis and decision making.First, I am a competent and industrious student. Academically, I attained a satisfactory grade point average which was 4. 0 in my college. Simultaneously, I acquired my first professional qualification of securities through self-study. As a result, my college recognized my outstanding academic results by giving me Scholarship. Also, I was on the director list in 2008. Besides, I strongly concern our community.During the summer of 2008, I participated voluntary teaching and provided community service to a distant area called He Yuan in Guangdong province. I also joined a local charity to provide community service such as organizing a trip for the minority in Hong Kong. Such experience has strengthened my problem-solving and interpersonal skills to tackle the challenges. Also, I have greatly advanced in my analytical skills through joining mentorship programme. For example, I learnt basic research skills from my mentor from CASH Financial Group.As mentioned above, I am now an all-rounded student who wants to advance knowledge not just to deal with business problems, but also to tackle other economic problems in society at large. For personal development, I always try my best to continue lifelong learning and contribute to society as a global citizen. I heartily believe that chances are always ready for well-prepared candidates. (284 Words) Remarks: Modified Version by [email  protected] com Copyrights reserved 2009